Chapter II
Theoretical Foundation
Word Formation in Short Messages Text
A. Definition of Word
Some people say that word is arbiter. It is unit of the smallest word which self-supporting. Based on KBBI (2001:513),”Word is the unsure of word which is spoken or written and it is as realization between thought and feeling and used in speaking.” Word is also a meaningful sound or combination of sounds that is a unit of language or its representation in a text. It is also used as a way for communication to inform or news about somebody or something. We can do everything by word. The congruity in society also can be realized when we are using the right word.
There are a lot of linguists define the meaning of words. Leonard Bloomfield introduced the concept of "Minimal Free Forms" in 1926. He puts that words are thought of as the smallest meaningful unit of speech that can stand by them. This correlates phonemes (units of sound) to lexemes (units of meaning). However, some written words are not minimal free forms, as they make no sense by themselves (for example, the and of).
Different with Bloomfield, Ingo Plag in his book entitled Word Formation in English said that the word could be defined in four other ways: in terms of sound structure (i.e. phonologically), in terms of its internal integrity, in terms of meaning (i.e. semantically), or in terms of sentence structure (i.e. syntactically).
Both of them are actually have the similar characteristic to define the word itself. They agree that word should correlate with phonologically. The difference between them is Ingo Plag explained more specific to part each of defining way. In this case, the different perception to define the meaning of word is ordinarily. Everyone also has different sense to observe about it and we shouldn’t blame one another.
Personally, I prefer Ingo Plag to Bloomfield. The meaning concept of word which revealed by Plag is more comprehensive and easier to understand. I agrees on Plag that word could be defined in terms of sound structure (i.e. phonologically), in terms of its internal integrity, in terms of meaning (i.e. semantically), or in terms of sentence structure (i.e. syntactically). Word is couldn’t mistakenly be defined. We should to know first the context of it. Sometimes we will lose the point of word when we don’t pay attention the aspects of word. When we have already knew how the way to define word, so we have to be careful using some word in order there is no mistake when we try to use words in every term.
Reference:
Plag, Ingo. 2002. Word-Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Asher, Ron. 1993. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier.
Jauhari, Heri. 2007. Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Bandung: CV Pustaka Setia.
Language. Microsoft Encarta. 2007.
Kamis, 05 Mei 2011
Yusanthiya Windhianita_Theoretical Foundation
UNDERSTANDING OF CHARACTER IN SHORT STORY ‘THE USE OF FORCE’ THROUGH PHYSIOLOGY
A. THEORY OF PHYSIOLOGY
Freud Sigmund’s theory, it says that in human being, it has been divided to be three parts, those are id, ego, and super-ego. Three parts in human being work normally and balance, and it will show character of human being that is normal. But it will not normal if one of them more dominate. When one of them is more dominate, it will make struggle of soul in human being it self. Its signs are like anxious, nervous, stressful and etc. In Freud Sigmund’s theory also says about id, ego and super-ego. Id is part of human being that has pattern about unconscious. Id contains energy, instinct, and libido, and it is important things as natural behavior of human being. It is like primitive behavior of human being, because it works according to happiness principle. For example, usually children always want what they want without thinking condition or situation, and they will be forcer for things which they want. It happens because they are in id, or happiness principle. Second, it is ego. Ego develops from id, when human being leaves their moment when they are a child as response to reality. Ego is conscious and rational. When id in human being cannot be filled, ego will work. Ego works with reality’s principle. When id want to get something but we do not have much money to buy it, ego will work, and ego will not fill it. Third, super-ego. Super-ego rises because of social aspect. Super-ego rises as control of id, and super-ego will control id if id is not according to morality of society, and it works with ideality’s principle.
So, if we relate to character, we can learn about its physiology, and it relates with id, ego, and super-ego where those things have relation which is important to understand about character itself in a story. We can learn about character from id, ego and super-ego, and it will be easy, because we can classify into those parts. For understanding theory about physiology which relates with character in literature, not only Freud Sigmund’ theory but Carl Gustav Jung also has theory which explains about physiology and it can relate to learn character in literature. In Carl’s theory of physiology, it says that unconscious is not like instinct, libido, but it is more spiritual. Freud says that in human being, it is classified into id, ego, and super-ego and in Carl’s theory, ‘ego’ in Freud Sigmund is ‘counter-ego’ in Carl’s theory. If Freud says that ego is control of id, so Carl says that counter-ego is control for ego where counter-ego will refuse what thought wants. Carl explains in his concept that physiology is something to learn about human being thought, and what they feels and it relates with dream. Actually, Carl explains that counter-ego is affected by dream. Every thought in human being will be affected by dream because dream is something which limits between conscious and unconscious.
From what is written down about Freud’s Theory and Carl’s theory for understanding of character in literature, the writer tends having same opinion with Freud’s theory, because Freud’s theory is more logic. Freud divides into three parts like id, ego, and super-ego without it is affected by dream, and it is more showing about reality.
A. THEORY OF PHYSIOLOGY
Freud Sigmund’s theory, it says that in human being, it has been divided to be three parts, those are id, ego, and super-ego. Three parts in human being work normally and balance, and it will show character of human being that is normal. But it will not normal if one of them more dominate. When one of them is more dominate, it will make struggle of soul in human being it self. Its signs are like anxious, nervous, stressful and etc. In Freud Sigmund’s theory also says about id, ego and super-ego. Id is part of human being that has pattern about unconscious. Id contains energy, instinct, and libido, and it is important things as natural behavior of human being. It is like primitive behavior of human being, because it works according to happiness principle. For example, usually children always want what they want without thinking condition or situation, and they will be forcer for things which they want. It happens because they are in id, or happiness principle. Second, it is ego. Ego develops from id, when human being leaves their moment when they are a child as response to reality. Ego is conscious and rational. When id in human being cannot be filled, ego will work. Ego works with reality’s principle. When id want to get something but we do not have much money to buy it, ego will work, and ego will not fill it. Third, super-ego. Super-ego rises because of social aspect. Super-ego rises as control of id, and super-ego will control id if id is not according to morality of society, and it works with ideality’s principle.
So, if we relate to character, we can learn about its physiology, and it relates with id, ego, and super-ego where those things have relation which is important to understand about character itself in a story. We can learn about character from id, ego and super-ego, and it will be easy, because we can classify into those parts. For understanding theory about physiology which relates with character in literature, not only Freud Sigmund’ theory but Carl Gustav Jung also has theory which explains about physiology and it can relate to learn character in literature. In Carl’s theory of physiology, it says that unconscious is not like instinct, libido, but it is more spiritual. Freud says that in human being, it is classified into id, ego, and super-ego and in Carl’s theory, ‘ego’ in Freud Sigmund is ‘counter-ego’ in Carl’s theory. If Freud says that ego is control of id, so Carl says that counter-ego is control for ego where counter-ego will refuse what thought wants. Carl explains in his concept that physiology is something to learn about human being thought, and what they feels and it relates with dream. Actually, Carl explains that counter-ego is affected by dream. Every thought in human being will be affected by dream because dream is something which limits between conscious and unconscious.
From what is written down about Freud’s Theory and Carl’s theory for understanding of character in literature, the writer tends having same opinion with Freud’s theory, because Freud’s theory is more logic. Freud divides into three parts like id, ego, and super-ego without it is affected by dream, and it is more showing about reality.
Silvina Nugrahwati - Theoretical foundation
UNDERSTANDING FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE OF KELVIN ENGLISH COURSE’S STUDENTS IN CICALENGKA DISTRICT –BANDUNG REGENCY TO SEE HOW IS THEIR UNDERSTANDINGTOWARD ENGLISH LANGUAGE
A. CONCEPT OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
1. DEFINITION OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Perrine Laurence Broadly defined, a figure of speech is any way of saying something other than ordinary way, and some rhetoricians have classified as many as 250 separate figure. For our purposes, however, a figure of speech is more narrowly definable as a way of saying one thing and meaning another, and we need to be concerned with no more than a dozen. Figurative language –language using figures of speech-is language that cannot be taken literally (or should not be taken literally only)
So, that is why in any kind of figurative language cannot be understood by literally reading but we have to see the context and its meaning through our thought about the text; such as in poem.
Same as Perrine Laurrence, Pollio, Smith, and Pollio limited figurative language as:
The creative interplay of language and thought is particularly evident in figurative language. The use of such language is not rare or limited to poetic situations but rather is a ubiquitous characteristic of speech (see, for instance, Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Pollio, Smith, and Pollio, 1990).
To give more understanding about figurative language, Robert and Kreuz classify commonly used forms of figurative language.
Although hundreds of possible figures of speech have been described (see Lanham, 1991), most interest and research has focused on just a few of these. Roberts and Kreuz (1994) list eight such commonly used forms; though one can easily add to their list (they do not mention metonymic or proverbial language, for instance). Among the prominent (and studied) forms are metaphor (an explicit or implicit comparison, which is literally false: "my car is a lemon," "Juliet is the sun," "chair leg"); irony (a statement contrary to intended meaning: "what a fine friend" intending to convey that the friend is not good); idioms (conventionalized expression in which the intended meaning often is difficult or impossible to recover from the words making up the expression: "He kicked the bucket"); indirect requests (a request phrased as a nonrequest: e.g., one can be asking whether one possesses some material when one intends to ask someone to actually perform some action with the material, such as stating, "Do you have a dollar?").
From those understanding of the experts about figurative language, so the writer tends to have same opinion about that to the opinion of Roberts and Kreuz , because their explanation about what and how figurative language is is more specific and complete than the other opinion that I wrote down. They list eight such commonly used forms; metaphor, irony, idioms, and indirect requests.
A. CONCEPT OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
1. DEFINITION OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Perrine Laurence Broadly defined, a figure of speech is any way of saying something other than ordinary way, and some rhetoricians have classified as many as 250 separate figure. For our purposes, however, a figure of speech is more narrowly definable as a way of saying one thing and meaning another, and we need to be concerned with no more than a dozen. Figurative language –language using figures of speech-is language that cannot be taken literally (or should not be taken literally only)
So, that is why in any kind of figurative language cannot be understood by literally reading but we have to see the context and its meaning through our thought about the text; such as in poem.
Same as Perrine Laurrence, Pollio, Smith, and Pollio limited figurative language as:
The creative interplay of language and thought is particularly evident in figurative language. The use of such language is not rare or limited to poetic situations but rather is a ubiquitous characteristic of speech (see, for instance, Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Pollio, Smith, and Pollio, 1990).
To give more understanding about figurative language, Robert and Kreuz classify commonly used forms of figurative language.
Although hundreds of possible figures of speech have been described (see Lanham, 1991), most interest and research has focused on just a few of these. Roberts and Kreuz (1994) list eight such commonly used forms; though one can easily add to their list (they do not mention metonymic or proverbial language, for instance). Among the prominent (and studied) forms are metaphor (an explicit or implicit comparison, which is literally false: "my car is a lemon," "Juliet is the sun," "chair leg"); irony (a statement contrary to intended meaning: "what a fine friend" intending to convey that the friend is not good); idioms (conventionalized expression in which the intended meaning often is difficult or impossible to recover from the words making up the expression: "He kicked the bucket"); indirect requests (a request phrased as a nonrequest: e.g., one can be asking whether one possesses some material when one intends to ask someone to actually perform some action with the material, such as stating, "Do you have a dollar?").
From those understanding of the experts about figurative language, so the writer tends to have same opinion about that to the opinion of Roberts and Kreuz , because their explanation about what and how figurative language is is more specific and complete than the other opinion that I wrote down. They list eight such commonly used forms; metaphor, irony, idioms, and indirect requests.
Yusanti_Discussion
U.S. PRESIDENT Barack Obama felt the need to announce his own death of Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden who was killed in a military operation is limited and highly confidential by the Detachment 6 of the U.S. Navy SEAL. In fact, terrorism analysts expect Obama's death will only lead to more violent acts of violence as revenge for the death of their leader. Indonesia, for reasons that are far from clear, will be touted as the region that will be used as an arena of fans Osama revenge. The trick may be to spread the cardboard boxes containing homemade bombs that can explode and can also contain only the former paper and pants. But it still has roughly the same impact. Especially in the eyes of the members Gegana, bomb disposal team from the Police. and after Osama was dead, United States President Barack Obama decided to not release a photograph of Osama bin Laden's corpse for security reasons. Obama's unwillingness is increasingly suspected that bin Laden was still alive. and until now,it makes news obscurity about Osama's death. and some groups do not believe that bin Laden had died in the attack.
Yusanti_ Cause-Effect
In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.
Senin, 02 Mei 2011
Sadam Husen_Revisi Cause Effect
Name : Sadam Husen
Class : BSI IV E
Reaction for Kurniawan’s writing
Writing is something good to appreciate our creativity. It means that when some people do not want to talk about their opinion in some situations, they can write their opinions and arguments in the paper, such as news paper. But, as the authors, they have to give some arguments based on the reality it self. As we know that Kurniawan Tri Yunanto wrote his writing in Jakarta Post, February 25, 2011. He wrote about “Ahmadiyah is Never Free from violence”.
In his writing, Kurniawan informed the violence that Ahmaiyah got in Indonesia. Actually, he said as if Ahmadiyah had been something that some people used to give some attacks to. Even, he told that the Mobs who destroyed Ahmadiyah’s mosque and housing.
After he wrote his writing, he had gotten some reactions from other people. They are Indonesia Ulema Council and Muslims in Indonesia. They feel his writing makes bad influence for other Muslims. Because of it, all people can consider that Islam is an Anarchy religion. But, it is wrong.
So, a head of Ulema Council came to Kurniawan’s house to give some explanations about that. And then, He had Kurniawan to say sorry to Other Muslims. Besides that, Kurniawan also had to write new article with the same theme but other explanations.
Class : BSI IV E
Reaction for Kurniawan’s writing
Writing is something good to appreciate our creativity. It means that when some people do not want to talk about their opinion in some situations, they can write their opinions and arguments in the paper, such as news paper. But, as the authors, they have to give some arguments based on the reality it self. As we know that Kurniawan Tri Yunanto wrote his writing in Jakarta Post, February 25, 2011. He wrote about “Ahmadiyah is Never Free from violence”.
In his writing, Kurniawan informed the violence that Ahmaiyah got in Indonesia. Actually, he said as if Ahmadiyah had been something that some people used to give some attacks to. Even, he told that the Mobs who destroyed Ahmadiyah’s mosque and housing.
After he wrote his writing, he had gotten some reactions from other people. They are Indonesia Ulema Council and Muslims in Indonesia. They feel his writing makes bad influence for other Muslims. Because of it, all people can consider that Islam is an Anarchy religion. But, it is wrong.
So, a head of Ulema Council came to Kurniawan’s house to give some explanations about that. And then, He had Kurniawan to say sorry to Other Muslims. Besides that, Kurniawan also had to write new article with the same theme but other explanations.
Sadam Husen_Discussion Text
Assignment of Essay Writing
Name : Sadam Husen
Class : BSI IV E
Theme : Discussion Text
Using Calculator
Last week, some students of Junior High School 1 Batujaya held National Examination in her school. They seemed to use a calculator when they were doing Mathematic Examination. Not only, SMPN 1 BATUJAYA students used it, but also other schools students used it. They were SMPN 1 TIRTAJAYA, SMPN 1PAKISJAYA, and SMPN 2 RENGASDENGKLOK.
Actually, there are different arguments about doing a calculator when it is examination. The first argument is from teachers of Junior High School. Using calculators makes some students lazy to do something. It makes also them stupid. It means that the students don’t think more in Math. As we know, thy have studied how to calculate some numbers by using Math way. When they use a calculator, they will forget the way to calculate like that. So, it makes them lazy and stupid.
In other word, different argument comes from some students’ parents. They don’t want that their children fail in National Examination, especial in Math. Even, they know that their children can not be able to understand that subject. It is so difficult for them. Finally, they command their children to use a calculator. It makes them easier to answer the questions.
According to those opinions, I myself prefer the teachers’ opinions to the parents’ opinions. It means that it makes some students cleverer than before when they answer the questions their selves. It also makes them to be more diligent in answering the questions.
Name : Sadam Husen
Class : BSI IV E
Theme : Discussion Text
Using Calculator
Last week, some students of Junior High School 1 Batujaya held National Examination in her school. They seemed to use a calculator when they were doing Mathematic Examination. Not only, SMPN 1 BATUJAYA students used it, but also other schools students used it. They were SMPN 1 TIRTAJAYA, SMPN 1PAKISJAYA, and SMPN 2 RENGASDENGKLOK.
Actually, there are different arguments about doing a calculator when it is examination. The first argument is from teachers of Junior High School. Using calculators makes some students lazy to do something. It makes also them stupid. It means that the students don’t think more in Math. As we know, thy have studied how to calculate some numbers by using Math way. When they use a calculator, they will forget the way to calculate like that. So, it makes them lazy and stupid.
In other word, different argument comes from some students’ parents. They don’t want that their children fail in National Examination, especial in Math. Even, they know that their children can not be able to understand that subject. It is so difficult for them. Finally, they command their children to use a calculator. It makes them easier to answer the questions.
According to those opinions, I myself prefer the teachers’ opinions to the parents’ opinions. It means that it makes some students cleverer than before when they answer the questions their selves. It also makes them to be more diligent in answering the questions.
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