SARI_CHAPTER II

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNE WORD GAMES IN SPEAKING ACTIVITIES FOR MENTALLY RETARDED STUDENT
(A CASE STUDY IN SMP NEGERI 2 SUKATANI)

2.1 Teaching Background Theory
2.1.1 Teaching Definition
Teaching is the activity of educating or instructing or teaching that imparts knowledge or skill. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English by A. S. Hornby, it is said that the mean of teaching is to give lessons to students in a school, college, university, etc.; to help somebody learn something by giving information about it.
While Tardif (in Adrian, 2004) defines, teaching is any action performed by an individual (the teacher) with the intention of facilitating learning in another individual (the learner).
According to Slameto (1995: 29) teaching is transferring culture in form of experience and skill to the students. Another definition in other modern developed country said that teaching is guidance for the students in learning process. The definition shows that the students are active, who is experiencing the learning process. The teacher only guides and shows the way by considering the students’ personality. The chance to act and think more is given to the students.
Teaching is defined by Sudjana (2000: 37) as a tool that is prepared through arrangement and preparation of condition that is possible for the students to do various learning activity optimally. Pasaribu (1983: 7) said that teaching is an activity which organizes the environment best with the children so that become learning process.
Based on the explanation above, it is concluded that teaching is a guidance activity and organization of the environment surround the students, in order to create the learning environment conducive that is possible to create optimal learning process.
Classic definition said that teaching is defined as transferring knowledge, because of this point of view, so the teacher is looked as the source of knowledge and students are assumed don’t know anything. This definition is in accordance with Jerome S believes. Brunner assumes that teaching is reserving ideas, problems, or knowledge in the form of simple so that can be understood by the students.
Modern definition denied the above point of view; therefore, it has been abandoned. People start to move to the point of view that teaching is not transferring knowledge merely, but also try to make the learning environment that is possible for the student to learn. Experts in education who agree with it are: Nasution, who formulized that teaching, is an activity in organizing or arranging the best environment and connect to the students, so the learning process formed. According to Tyson and Caroll said that teaching is a way and a mutual relation between the teacher and the students which are both active doing. Meanwhile, Tordif said that teaching is the activity which is done by someone (teacher) with the intention help and make the other (students) easier to do learning activity. Thus, new concept about teaching states that teaching is constructing students how to learn, how to think, and how to investigate.